|
Influences on the Feeding Behavior of
Three Mammals in the Maruyama Zoo: Bears, Elephants, and
Chimpanzees
Naruki Morimura
Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo Noko University
Yoshikazu Ueno
Center for Experimental Plants and Animals, Hokkaido University
Modifications of feeding conditions are essential to the
establishment of environmental enrichment in zoos. This study
attempted to increase the duration of feeding by varying feeding
conditions such as the spatial or temporal distribution of foods
while keeping the sorts and amounts of food the same. Subjects
included nonhuman animals reared at the Maruyama Zoo, Sapporo,
Japan: three bears (Ursus arctos), two elephants (Elephas
maximus), and five chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Observers,
considering that the feeding ecologies of these animals differed
a great deal from those in the wild, used the focal animal
sampling method. Consisting of the spatial dispersive and massed
feeding conditions, the experiment with bears found feeding time
increased more in the dispersive condition. In addition, the
behavioral rhythm of alternate feeding and sleeping appeared.
The experiment with elephants, consisting of the temporal
dispersive and massed condition, increased feeding time under
the massed condition. The experiment using chimpanzees reversed
conditions used in the elephant study and increased feeding time
under the dispersive condition. Results indicate that these
simple modifications both influenced an increasing duration of
feeding and affected behavioral patterns in a day.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Elephants in Thailand: Determinants of
Health and Welfare in Working Populations
Thomas T. Chatkupt and Albert E. Sollod
Section of International Veterinary Medicine
Department of Environmental and Population Health
Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine
Sinth Sarobol
Payap Research and Development Institute
Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) has played a prominent
role in Thai history and society. In the face of modernization,
however, today's elephant handlers are struggling to justify
their ownership. As a result, the working elephants may
encounter situations that jeopardize their health and welfare.
This study developed both a survey instrument and a visual
assessment to describe and evaluate the health and living
conditions of elephants encountered in a variety of work and
living situations. The study found these situations
significantly associated with whether or not an elephant
received proper husbandry or was in good body condition. These
results may prove valuable in predicting the welfare of
elephants according to work and living situations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Nuts to Bolts of Captive Chimpanzee
Diets and Food as Enrichment: A Survey
Sue Howell and Jo Fritz
Primate Foundation of Arizona
Beyond planning for good nutrition, one of the cornerstones
to a successful captive chimpanzee wellness program is the
opportunity for the nonhuman primates to express normal feeding
and foraging behaviors. This study presents the results of a
survey of 11 institutions, 8 zoological and 3 research
facilities, to ascertain how daily diets and feeding enrichments
were being accomplished. Information represents 806 captive
chimpanzees and entails a composite of captive chimpanzee daily
diets, forage and browse materials, periodic treats, medicating
and supplemental foods, alternative feeding techniques, and food
devices. Results suggest facilities are moving away from timed
feeding schedules, which tend to increase pre-feeding levels of
agonism, to feeding a wide variety of foods throughout the day
and using a wide variety of feeding techniques.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Beyond Overpopulation: A Comment on
Zawistowski et al. and Salman et al.
Lee Anne Fennell
University of Virginia School of Law
The intentional production and destruction each year of millions
of companion animals is a sobering fact. The need for meaningful
statistical data on this phenomenon is urgent. No less pressing,
however, is the need for a conceptual framework to make sense of
the empirical findings. This comment suggests that the
conventional focus on overpopulation is inadequate and places
unnecessary limits on the way in which the problem is
approached. The comment proposes, in its place, a market-based
model that takes seriously the role of consumer demand and
considers the flaws and inefficiencies that distort the market
for companion animals. Shifting attention to the choices
consumers make in acquiring and discarding animal companions
suggests new possibilities for change and provides a useful
focal point for further empirical work.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Method To Determine When Active
Translocation of Non-Human Primates is Justified
Clara B. Jones
Community Conservation Consultants and Livingstone College
This paper addresses translocation or "artificial dispersal,"
the movement of one or more organisms from one location to
another and focuses on the decision-to-be-made before
translocation begins: Scientific, economic or pragmatic reasons
such as pest removal or conservation of biodiversity may account
for undertaking translocation. When is translocation ethical,
and how can that decision be determined? The paper provides one
quantitative and utilitarian method for evaluating these
questions. Although the present analysis may apply to any
nonhuman species for which costs and benefits can be assessed,
the examples in this paper derive from the nonhuman primate
literature.
To
order Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, go to our secure
online
ordering page
You
can Search the online issues of JAAWS, as well
as the entire Society & Animals Forum (formerly known as
PSYETA) website, for topics and keywords of your interest:
|
